Artificial Intelligence Tech Analysis

Technologists meeting to discuss technology innovation and strategies to expand Technology education and implementation in South Wales to a larger sector of the society and the business community. Community meetings linking businesses with local authorities, thus raising the standard of technology offerings and increase business collaboration across the region and beyond.

South Wales Technology Council

<H2>Artificial Intelligence Technology Analysis</H2>
<H2>Meeting and Networking with Technology Experts</H2>
<P>Artificial intelligence (AI, also machine intelligence, MI) is <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Intelligence" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">intelligence</A> exhibited by <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Machine" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">machines</A>, rather than humans or other animals (<I>natural intelligence</I>, <I>NI</I>). In <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Computer science" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">computer science</A>, the field of AI research defines itself as the study of "<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agent" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Intelligent agent" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">intelligent agents</A>": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal.<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-Intelligent_agents-1" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">[1]</A> Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other <A CLASS="mw-redirect" HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mind" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Human mind" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">human minds</A>, such as "learning" and "problem solving".<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig20092-2" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">[2]</A></P>
<P>The scope of AI is disputed: as machines become increasingly capable, task considered as requiring "intelligence" are often removed from the definition, a phenomenon known as the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_effect" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="AI effect" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">AI effect</A>, leading to the quip "AI is whatever hasn't been done yet."<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-3" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">[3]</A> For instance, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Optical character recognition" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">optical character recognition</A> is frequently excluded from "artificial intelligence", having become a routine technology.<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-4" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">[4]</A> Capabilities generally classified as AI, as of 2017, include successfully <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_understanding" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Natural language understanding" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">understanding human speech</A>,<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussellNorvig2009-5" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">[5]</A> competing at a high level in <A CLASS="mw-redirect" HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_game" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Strategic game" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">strategic game</A> systems (such as <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Chess" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">chess</A> and <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(game)" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Go (game)" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Go</A><A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-bbc-alphago-6" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">[6]</A>), <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Autonomous car" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">autonomous cars</A>, intelligent routing in <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Content delivery network" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">content delivery networks</A>, military simulations, and interpreting complex data.</P>
<P>AI research is divided into subfields<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-Fragmentation_of_AI-7" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">[7]</A> that focus on specific <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Goals" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">problems</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Approaches" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">approaches</A>, the use of a particular <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Tools" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">tool</A>, or towards satisfying particular <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Applications" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">applications</A>.</P>
<P>The central problems (or goals) of AI research include <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Reason" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">reasoning</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Knowledge" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">knowledge</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Automated planning and scheduling" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">planning</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Learning" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">learning</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Natural language processing" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">natural language processing</A> (communication), <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Perception" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">perception</A> and the ability to move and manipulate objects.<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-Problems_of_AI-8" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">[8]</A> <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Artificial general intelligence" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">General intelligence</A>is among the field's long-term goals.<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-General_intelligence-9" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">[9]</A> Approaches include <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Statistical" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">statistical methods</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Sub-symbolic" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">computational intelligence</A>, and <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Symbolic" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">traditional symbolic AI</A>. Many tools are used in AI, including versions of <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Search_and_optimization" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">search and mathematical optimization</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Logic" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">logic</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Probabilistic_methods_for_uncertain_reasoning" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">methods based on probability and economics</A>. The AI field draws upon <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Computer science" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">computer science</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Mathematics" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">mathematics</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Psychology" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">psychology</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Linguistics" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">linguistics</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Philosophy" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">philosophy</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Neuroscience" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">neuroscience</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_psychology" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Artificial psychology" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">artificial psychology</A> and many others.</P>
<P>The field was founded on the claim that <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_intelligence" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Human intelligence" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">human intelligence</A> "can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it".<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-10" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">[10]</A> This raises philosophical arguments about the nature of the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Mind" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">mind</A> and the ethics of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence, issues which have been explored by <A CLASS="mw-redirect" HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_AI#AI_in_myth.2C_fiction_and_speculation" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="History of AI" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">myth</A>, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Artificial intelligence in fiction" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">fiction</A> and <A CLASS="mw-redirect" HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_AI" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Philosophy of AI" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">philosophy</A> since <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Ancient history" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">antiquity</A>.<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-McCorduck.27s_thesis-11" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">[11]</A> Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity if it progresses unabatedly.<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-12" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">[12]</A> Attempts to create artificial intelligence have experienced many <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="AI winter" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">setbacks</A>, including the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter#Machine_translation_and_the_ALPAC_report_of_1966" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="AI winter" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">ALPAC report</A> of 1966, the abandonment of <A CLASS="mw-redirect" HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Perceptrons" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">perceptrons</A> in 1970, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter#The_Lighthill_report" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="AI winter" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">the Lighthill Report</A> of 1973, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence#Bust:_the_second_AI_winter_1987.E2.80.931993" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="History of artificial intelligence" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">the second AI winter 1987–1993</A> and the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter#The_collapse_of_the_Lisp_machine_market_in_1987" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="AI winter" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">collapse of the Lisp machine market</A> in 1987.</P>
<P>In the twenty-first century, AI techniques, both hard (using a symbolic approach) and soft (sub-symbolic), have experienced a resurgence following concurrent advances in <A CLASS="mw-redirect" HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_power" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Computer power" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">computer power</A>, sizes of <A CLASS="mw-redirect" HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_set" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Training set" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">training sets</A>, and theoretical understanding, and AI techniques have become an essential part of the <A CLASS="mw-redirect" HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_industry" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Technology industry" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">technology industry</A>, helping to solve many challenging problems in computer science.<A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#cite_note-AI_widely_used-13" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">[13]</A> Recent advancements in AI, and specifically in <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Machine learning" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">machine learning</A>, have contributed to the growth of <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Things" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="Autonomous Things" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Autonomous Things</A> such as drones and self-driving cars, becoming the main driver of innovation in the automotive industry. <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" TARGET="_blank" DATA-MSYS-CLICKTRACK="0" REL="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Source</A> </P>
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